WEEK 4 – The Auteur and the Animation
In the lesson, Nigel discussed the Auteur theory, tracing its origins to critics associated with Cahiers du Cinema. This theory emerged from the belief that American cinema merited thorough examination and that masterpieces were not exclusive to a select group of directors but could be created by a variety of authors whose work had been previously overlooked.
Auteurism, as articulated by Watson (2012), is redefined through the abandonment of singular and transcendental notions of the artist. By relinquishing essentialist ideas about art-making, a multitude of potential auteurs emerge, including creative personnel, agencies, and even corporations. Their influence on the art of cinema, often unrecognized by previous romanticized conceptions of auteurism, becomes apparent. Watson notes that individual films may exhibit both the presence and absence of a coherent authorial voice.
Examining auteurism through various criteria, Darley (2000) argues that in our current age of digital visual culture, creativity and innovation are primarily perceived as technical challenges. Within this context, companies like ILM and Pixar function as an ‘index of artistic style’ either alongside or preceding individual creative agencies. They can be viewed as corporate authors, acting as signs that organize and execute highly specialized forms of industrial aesthetic practice within cinema, practices extending beyond the economic or creative scope of any individual.
Matt Groening is a notable animator and auteur, recognised for his influential contributions to animation. As the creator of two highly successful and iconic animated television series, “The Simpsons” and “Futurama,” Groening has played a significant role in shaping the landscape of animated entertainment.
Groening began drawing cartoons at an early age, perhaps inspired by his father who was also a cartoonist. After graduating he started drawing cartoons featuring a pathetic oppressed rabbit named Binky, creating “Life in Hell”. This cartoon will lead the executive producer of the television variety program The Tracey Ullman Show, to ask Groening to create a series of short animated cartoons based on Life in Hell. On this occasion Groening will create “The Simpsons”.
Technique: Matt Groening has primarily used 2D animation, which is a traditional form of animation that involves creating frames to simulate motion. Both “The Simpsons” and “Futurama” utilise hand-drawn animation techniques, contributing to the distinctive visual style of his work. His technique implied simplified movements to reduce the number of frames per second. This technique not only suits the comedic nature of his shows but also allows for cost-effective production, particularly in the case of “The Simpsons.”
Style: Groening is known for his satirical approach to humour. Both “The Simpsons” and “Futurama” use satire to comment on various aspects of contemporary society, including politics, culture, and everyday life. This style of humour adds depth to the narratives and appeals to a broad audience. The shows often incorporate social commentary, reflecting Groening’s observations on societal norms and issues. This thematic element sets his work apart and adds a layer of relevance and relatability for viewers.
Characters: Groening’s characters are often quirky and memorable, each with distinct personalities that contribute to the comedic dynamics of the shows. The character-driven storytelling allows for a diverse range of humorous situations and interactions. We can also tell that each one of his characters is unique in their own way by the fact that he created them by taking inspiration from his family members. Both “The Simpsons” and “Futurama” feature vibrant and distinctive colour palettes. The colours not only contribute to the visual appeal but also help create a lively and animated world.
Groening’s distinct voice and perspective are embedded in the narratives of his shows, reflecting his observations on society, politics, and human nature. The humour in his creations often involves satire, parody, and a keen awareness of contemporary issues, showcasing his role as an auteur who shapes the thematic content of his work. Moreover, his ability to create enduring characters and narratives that resonate with diverse audiences underscores his status as an auteur. “The Simpsons” and “Futurama” are not only animated sitcoms but cultural phenomena that have left a lasting impact on popular culture.
In summary, Matt Groening stands as both an accomplished animator and auteur, leaving an indelible mark on the animation industry through his distinctive style, storytelling, and cultural commentary. His contributions have elevated animated television into a powerful medium for social critique and comedic expression.
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